William C. Strange, "Agglomeration and the Future of Cities," Policy Analysis and Economic Policy Conference, 2003. http://www.rotman.utoronto.ca/~wstrange/WS_Future_of_Cities_Wrkg_5-22-03.pdf
p.3
It is important to recognize that concentration is costly. Putting more business activity in
a small area raises the cost of doing business there in many ways: commutes are longer
and space is more costly to name just two. Thus, industry clustering must benefit
businesses in some way that compensates them for the costs of concentrating.
p.4
Cities are costly, as noted above. And there have been technological changes – relatively
cheap air travel and telephone communication, the invention of the fax machine, and
most notoriously the Internet – that have possibly made it less costly to locate away from
concentrations. Thus, there has been speculation that cities will decline in importance.
This is the biggest question of all.
P5
One answer to this question is that agglomeration exists because firms enjoy internal
economies of scale. Scale economies imply that the firm needs many workers; workers
concentrate to economize on commuting; thus, there is an agglomeration. This answer is
not completely satisfying, though, since it motivates only the existence of factory towns
and not the diverse cities that we actually observe.
A more satisfying answer is to say that there are "agglomeration economies", external
economies of scale that make firms more productive in large cities.
p.13
Our results suggest strongly
that firms must be quite close in order to benefit from each other's presence. And this is
true even in the software industry, where presumably everyone has access to email, and
so distance should not matter at all.
I would like to point out that our estimates also establish that diverse locations (low
values of "herf") are more attractive to new firms than are specialized ones. This is
consistent with the increasingly popular view that the benefits of clustering have limits.
It appears that small firms and nonsubsidiary firms have a greater positive
effect on their neighbors than do large firms and subsidiaries.
One interpretation of these results is that an entrepreneurial business environment is more
productive than a hierarchical environment. This certainly appears to be the case in the
Silicon Valley. In the mid-1980s, both the Route 128 corridor in Boston and the Silicon
Valley appeared to be comparable as centers of high-technology. In the intervening
years, the Silicon Valley has prospered, while Route 128 has not. Why? There are many
explanations. Saxenian (1994) has proposed that the difference in business culture is
key. Route 128 is hierarchical, dominated by large corporations. The Silicon Valley is
entrepreneurial, continually refreshed by startups.
p.15
cities
continue to have higher productivity than the national economies that contain them.
lundi 25 octobre 2010
Eric J Heikkila Ch 3 and 4
The Economics of Planning
Eric J Heikkila
Center for Urban Policy Research - CUPR Press 2000 (2007)
Ch 3 and 4
Ch 3
The Economics of Housing
*see photocopy for detailed notes)
Housing as a stock and a flow. Distinction between asset and the accommodation services that can be derived from it.
Housing affordability best achieved by encouraging additional supply eg removing controls
Rent controls can actually lead to price increases as it increases demand but supply doesn’t move so some pay more (those who can afford).
Cost of subsidizing homeownership exceeds benefits
Ch 4
The Economics of Urban Structure
Pkanners affect real estate markets in two ways: first via zoning bylaws and other land use regulations that define the limits placed on landowners. Second, more indirect, planners intervene and shape the overall urban context in various ways
Bid rent curve
Different types of land use value distance to CBD differently, which results in successive rings of land use, with commercial in inner ring, and industrial and residential rings further out
Substitution principle: more expensive land used more intensively
From Wikipedia
The bid rent theory is a geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate changes as the distance from the Central Business District (CBD) increases. It states that different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city centre. This is based upon the idea that retail establishments wish to maximise their profitability, so they are much more willing to pay more money for land close to the CBD and less for land further away from this area. This theory is based upon the reasoning that the more accessible an area (i.e., the greater the concentration of customers), the more profitable.
Land users all compete for the most accessible land within the CBD. The amount they are willing to pay is called "bid rent". The result is a pattern of concentric rings of land use, creating the Concentric zone model.
It could be assumed that, according to this theory, the poorest houses and buildings will be on the very outskirts of the city, as that is the only place that they can afford to occupy. However, in modern times this is rarely the case, as many people prefer to trade off the accessibility of being close to the CBD, and move to the edges of the settlement, where it is possible to buy more land for the same amount of money (as Bid Rent states). Likewise, lower income housing trades off greater living space for greater accessibility to employment. For this reason low income housing in many North American cities, for example, is often found in the inner city, and high income housing is at the edges of the settlement.
Eric J Heikkila
Center for Urban Policy Research - CUPR Press 2000 (2007)
Ch 3 and 4
Ch 3
The Economics of Housing
*see photocopy for detailed notes)
Housing as a stock and a flow. Distinction between asset and the accommodation services that can be derived from it.
Housing affordability best achieved by encouraging additional supply eg removing controls
Rent controls can actually lead to price increases as it increases demand but supply doesn’t move so some pay more (those who can afford).
Cost of subsidizing homeownership exceeds benefits
Ch 4
The Economics of Urban Structure
Pkanners affect real estate markets in two ways: first via zoning bylaws and other land use regulations that define the limits placed on landowners. Second, more indirect, planners intervene and shape the overall urban context in various ways
Bid rent curve
Different types of land use value distance to CBD differently, which results in successive rings of land use, with commercial in inner ring, and industrial and residential rings further out
Substitution principle: more expensive land used more intensively
From Wikipedia
The bid rent theory is a geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate changes as the distance from the Central Business District (CBD) increases. It states that different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city centre. This is based upon the idea that retail establishments wish to maximise their profitability, so they are much more willing to pay more money for land close to the CBD and less for land further away from this area. This theory is based upon the reasoning that the more accessible an area (i.e., the greater the concentration of customers), the more profitable.
Land users all compete for the most accessible land within the CBD. The amount they are willing to pay is called "bid rent". The result is a pattern of concentric rings of land use, creating the Concentric zone model.
It could be assumed that, according to this theory, the poorest houses and buildings will be on the very outskirts of the city, as that is the only place that they can afford to occupy. However, in modern times this is rarely the case, as many people prefer to trade off the accessibility of being close to the CBD, and move to the edges of the settlement, where it is possible to buy more land for the same amount of money (as Bid Rent states). Likewise, lower income housing trades off greater living space for greater accessibility to employment. For this reason low income housing in many North American cities, for example, is often found in the inner city, and high income housing is at the edges of the settlement.
jeudi 21 octobre 2010
Heikkila Ch 2
The Economics of Planning
Eric J HeikkilaCenter for Urban Policy Research - CUPR Press 2000 (2007)
Ch 2
The Economics of Land Use Zoning
p. 25 ‘perhaps no function is more central to what planners do than is land use zoning. Zoning maps apportion the city into district zones each of which has its own set of permitted uses: single-family residential, multifamily residential, commercial, retail, light industrial, heavy industrial, and/or other uses.’
Rationale@ keep incompatible land uses apart eg chemicals from school. Or more controversial exclude affordable housing from well-to-do neighbourhoods. This chapter considers economic efficiency.
“to the economist land use zoning is seen as an exercise in resource allocation, even if it may not normally be viewed in those terms by planners themselves.”
@how to allocate scarce resources in an efficient manner. If the quantity of land is fixed, as in most urban settings, then one if forced to make trade-offs. Zoning maps represent the planners‘ ‘solution’ to the resources allocation problem.
p.26
“An efficient solution is defined as one that yields the greatest possible output (such as social benefit) for a given amount of input (such as land)”
If market doesn’t generate optimal solution, can intervene. Zoning = “quantity-oriented mode of intervention, where zoning assigns each land use category a set quota of land… An alternative mode of intervention is price-based intervention, an option planners would do well to consider to attain planning ends more efficiently.”
p.29 ‘because the quantities of land devoted to either land use cannot be adjusted, any market adjustment must come in terms of prices (fig 2.1 a) market cleared price for resid and no resid is different *or and pn) ‘zoning has a direct impact on the price of the land.’
p.30
‘the market allocation tends to equalize the price of comparable parcels of land across all uses while the zoning allocation will tend to introduce price differentials between comparable parcels of land that are subject to different uses
p.33 ‘the market value of land understates the aggregate value because to fails to account for the rising marginal valuation of land as quantities become more scarce’
p. 35 ‘the aggregate value for all land under the market allocation M exceeds aggregate value for zoning allocation Z by the amount depicted….. We term this the triangle of inefficiency’ (aggregate loss in value
‘market allocation is always the one that generates the maximum possible aggregate value of land as measured by the market demand curves. This is a powerful result and one of the reasons that economists tend to be so enthusiastic about markets. Markets ‘automatically’ uncover the land use allocation that maximises the aggregate value of land.’
p.37
‘the term market failure applies to any situation where the market outcome does not produce the maximum social benefit.’
Market demand 2registers willingness to pay2
2it is not rare to encounter situation where the benefits or cost of the use of a good extent beyond the owner of the good in question. This is particularly so in the case of land use’ eg when the public gets upset about undesirable elements “noxious fumes, quality-of-life issues, or other environmental impacts that are not encapsulated in the market price of the parcel in question.’ termed externalities
p. 38 shows that when externalities’ taken into account a zoning solution can provide optimal benefits.
p. 39 ’the market develops the ’highest and best use’ of properties from the owners’ perspectives, but this may not coincide with the land use allocation that maximises social benefit.’
However market failure does not preclude possibility of regulatory failure. There are also positive externalities )often claim in favour of home ownership and stability2
p. 41 planners have been slow to use price to affect zoning.
p. 44 knowing what correct zoning or the ’benefit maximising allocation’ requires knowing the marginal benefit curve and few planners would claim to know that. Difficult to calculate.
But ‘the information requirement for price-based intervention is less onerous. Here the planner needs only to know the extent of the cost (or benefit) associated with the externality so that the correct tax (or subsidy) can be calculated’ for price based intervention… the market is left to uncover the new price allocation (after tax or subsidy). As market conditions change, the market continues to adjust itself, while zoning intervention requires recalculation of the optimum allocation each time there is a fundamental change in market conditions.”
p. 45
“seeking a rezoning on a specific parcel is akin to seeking special exemption from a tax’
‘public officials hold discretionary powers over legislation that impact specific individuals in favourable or unfavourable ways’ and ‘this situation may open the way to influence peddling’
Advantage of zoning is no money changes hands (corruption)
Eric J HeikkilaCenter for Urban Policy Research - CUPR Press 2000 (2007)
Ch 2
The Economics of Land Use Zoning
p. 25 ‘perhaps no function is more central to what planners do than is land use zoning. Zoning maps apportion the city into district zones each of which has its own set of permitted uses: single-family residential, multifamily residential, commercial, retail, light industrial, heavy industrial, and/or other uses.’
Rationale@ keep incompatible land uses apart eg chemicals from school. Or more controversial exclude affordable housing from well-to-do neighbourhoods. This chapter considers economic efficiency.
“to the economist land use zoning is seen as an exercise in resource allocation, even if it may not normally be viewed in those terms by planners themselves.”
@how to allocate scarce resources in an efficient manner. If the quantity of land is fixed, as in most urban settings, then one if forced to make trade-offs. Zoning maps represent the planners‘ ‘solution’ to the resources allocation problem.
p.26
“An efficient solution is defined as one that yields the greatest possible output (such as social benefit) for a given amount of input (such as land)”
If market doesn’t generate optimal solution, can intervene. Zoning = “quantity-oriented mode of intervention, where zoning assigns each land use category a set quota of land… An alternative mode of intervention is price-based intervention, an option planners would do well to consider to attain planning ends more efficiently.”
p.29 ‘because the quantities of land devoted to either land use cannot be adjusted, any market adjustment must come in terms of prices (fig 2.1 a) market cleared price for resid and no resid is different *or and pn) ‘zoning has a direct impact on the price of the land.’
p.30
‘the market allocation tends to equalize the price of comparable parcels of land across all uses while the zoning allocation will tend to introduce price differentials between comparable parcels of land that are subject to different uses
p.33 ‘the market value of land understates the aggregate value because to fails to account for the rising marginal valuation of land as quantities become more scarce’
p. 35 ‘the aggregate value for all land under the market allocation M exceeds aggregate value for zoning allocation Z by the amount depicted….. We term this the triangle of inefficiency’ (aggregate loss in value
‘market allocation is always the one that generates the maximum possible aggregate value of land as measured by the market demand curves. This is a powerful result and one of the reasons that economists tend to be so enthusiastic about markets. Markets ‘automatically’ uncover the land use allocation that maximises the aggregate value of land.’
p.37
‘the term market failure applies to any situation where the market outcome does not produce the maximum social benefit.’
Market demand 2registers willingness to pay2
2it is not rare to encounter situation where the benefits or cost of the use of a good extent beyond the owner of the good in question. This is particularly so in the case of land use’ eg when the public gets upset about undesirable elements “noxious fumes, quality-of-life issues, or other environmental impacts that are not encapsulated in the market price of the parcel in question.’ termed externalities
p. 38 shows that when externalities’ taken into account a zoning solution can provide optimal benefits.
p. 39 ’the market develops the ’highest and best use’ of properties from the owners’ perspectives, but this may not coincide with the land use allocation that maximises social benefit.’
However market failure does not preclude possibility of regulatory failure. There are also positive externalities )often claim in favour of home ownership and stability2
p. 41 planners have been slow to use price to affect zoning.
p. 44 knowing what correct zoning or the ’benefit maximising allocation’ requires knowing the marginal benefit curve and few planners would claim to know that. Difficult to calculate.
But ‘the information requirement for price-based intervention is less onerous. Here the planner needs only to know the extent of the cost (or benefit) associated with the externality so that the correct tax (or subsidy) can be calculated’ for price based intervention… the market is left to uncover the new price allocation (after tax or subsidy). As market conditions change, the market continues to adjust itself, while zoning intervention requires recalculation of the optimum allocation each time there is a fundamental change in market conditions.”
p. 45
“seeking a rezoning on a specific parcel is akin to seeking special exemption from a tax’
‘public officials hold discretionary powers over legislation that impact specific individuals in favourable or unfavourable ways’ and ‘this situation may open the way to influence peddling’
Advantage of zoning is no money changes hands (corruption)
The City is not a Tree By Christopher Alexander
The City is not a Tree
By Christopher Alexander
Architectural Forum Vol 122 No 1 April 1965
p.58. The tree is “a name for a pattern of thought, The semi-lattice or the name for another more complex mode of thought.”
“It Is more and more widely recognised today that there is some essential ingredient missing from artificial cities.”
“I believe that a natural city has the organisation of a semi-lattice; but that when we organise a city artificially, we organise it as a tree.”
p.59 example of newstack by a drug store next to a traffic light. Folks stop at lights, buy newspaper. This makes a unit.
p.60 “It is this lack of structural complexity, characteristic of trees, which is crippling our conceptions of the city.”
Says gReater London plan 1943 by Abercroimbie and Foreshaw concerned by a large number of communities, increased segregation. Tree.
p. 62 “In a traditional society if you ask a man to name his best froends and then ask each of those in turn to name their best friends then they will name each other so that they form a group. A village is made of a number of separate closed groups of this kind. But today’s social structure is utterly different. If we ask a man to name his friends and then ask them in turn to name their friends they will all name different people, very unlikely unknown to the first person; these people would then name others and so on outwards. There are virtually no closed groups in modern society.”
May (second part of article)
p. 59 Le Corbusiee, Luis Kahn and others separate moving vehicles from pedestrians. “It’s not always a good idea. The urban taxi can function only because pedestrians and vehicles are not separated.”
p.60 remember four objects: orange, watermelon football, tennis ball. You do it in mind by grouping them but cannot imagine in mind all the possible groupings at same time. “In a single mental act you can only visualise a tree.
“The tree is accessible mentally and easy to deal with. The semi lattice is hard to keep before the mind’s eye and therefore hard to deal with.”
Says tendency of humans “when faced by a complex organisation, to reorganise it manetally in terms of non-overlapping units. The complexity of the semi-lattice is replaced by the simpler and more easily grasped tree form.”
p.61 “When we think in terms of trees we are trading the humanity and richness of the living city for a conceptual simplicity which benefits only designers, planners, administrators and developers.
“In a society dissociation is anarchy. In a person, dissociatioon is the mark of schizophrenia and impending suicide.”
Separate old people from young eg Sun City. Result of “tree like thought.”
“The city is not, cannot and must not be a tree. The city is a receptacle for life.”
By Christopher Alexander
Architectural Forum Vol 122 No 1 April 1965
p.58. The tree is “a name for a pattern of thought, The semi-lattice or the name for another more complex mode of thought.”
“It Is more and more widely recognised today that there is some essential ingredient missing from artificial cities.”
“I believe that a natural city has the organisation of a semi-lattice; but that when we organise a city artificially, we organise it as a tree.”
p.59 example of newstack by a drug store next to a traffic light. Folks stop at lights, buy newspaper. This makes a unit.
p.60 “It is this lack of structural complexity, characteristic of trees, which is crippling our conceptions of the city.”
Says gReater London plan 1943 by Abercroimbie and Foreshaw concerned by a large number of communities, increased segregation. Tree.
p. 62 “In a traditional society if you ask a man to name his best froends and then ask each of those in turn to name their best friends then they will name each other so that they form a group. A village is made of a number of separate closed groups of this kind. But today’s social structure is utterly different. If we ask a man to name his friends and then ask them in turn to name their friends they will all name different people, very unlikely unknown to the first person; these people would then name others and so on outwards. There are virtually no closed groups in modern society.”
May (second part of article)
p. 59 Le Corbusiee, Luis Kahn and others separate moving vehicles from pedestrians. “It’s not always a good idea. The urban taxi can function only because pedestrians and vehicles are not separated.”
p.60 remember four objects: orange, watermelon football, tennis ball. You do it in mind by grouping them but cannot imagine in mind all the possible groupings at same time. “In a single mental act you can only visualise a tree.
“The tree is accessible mentally and easy to deal with. The semi lattice is hard to keep before the mind’s eye and therefore hard to deal with.”
Says tendency of humans “when faced by a complex organisation, to reorganise it manetally in terms of non-overlapping units. The complexity of the semi-lattice is replaced by the simpler and more easily grasped tree form.”
p.61 “When we think in terms of trees we are trading the humanity and richness of the living city for a conceptual simplicity which benefits only designers, planners, administrators and developers.
“In a society dissociation is anarchy. In a person, dissociatioon is the mark of schizophrenia and impending suicide.”
Separate old people from young eg Sun City. Result of “tree like thought.”
“The city is not, cannot and must not be a tree. The city is a receptacle for life.”
lundi 18 octobre 2010
The New Economy of the Inner City Thomas A Hutton
The New Economy of the Inner City
Thomas A Hutton
p.1 ‘The spatial configuration of the postindustrial city incorporated a markedly asymmetrical core, comprising a high-growth central business district corporate office complex, and terrains of disinvestment and deindustrialization within the CBD fringe and inner city
1990s ‘saw the emergence of new industries and labour among advanced societies, subsumed variously within the rubrics of the New Economy, the cultural economy of the city, and the knowledge based economy’
p.2
New Economy also cooexists with old economy
Changes from Chicago school model
1. Suburban areas now showing ‘increasing social and industrial variegation’
2. Cities no longer regional centre places but ‘critical base points of globalization’
3. postindustrial city
New Economy
Knowledge based, enhancements of human capital, technology, cultural economy
Means spatial, structural, social and land use consequences
(Graham and Marvinàs 2001 ‘splintering urbanism’)
New Economy and cultural economy concentrated in inner city
p.7 New Economy is ‘relatively new, creative and technology-based industries such as communications, consultants, computer software design, computer graphics and imaging, computer networking and Internet Services.’ Also advertising, architects, fashion design, graphic artists, designers, industrial design, film, music and print media.
Or ‘high value cultural products’
Reoganisation of inner city space with new primary production sites, place based production networks and sets of linked industries
p.8 new industry formation seen as revival of inner city industrial sites
p.9 ‘new industry formation in the inner city can play a part in the reconfiguration of the metropolitan core’s space-economy, redressing to some extent the spatial imbalance of the postindustrial core which heavily favoured the corporate complex of the CBD, and partially offsetting job losses in central city industries and occupations.’
Also local area regeneration – start ups, infrastructure, jobs, supply and contracting
p. 10 Flora (2002) creation fo creative class
p.39
Reconstruction of economic space
Forces reshaping the production economy of metropolitan core in postwar era, inc corporate office complex in CBD (densest employment district), collapse Fordist production and labor in inner city
p.73 London
City spatially constrained but can grow with policies allowing higher buildings
Westminister and Camden creative industries with concentrations boutique hedge funds Mayfair, film and video production or graphic design and advertising soho plus New Economy. Canary Wharf. Industries next to Heathrow. Bankside cultural enclave.
p.74 ‘the historic bipolar spatiality of london’s economyt, concentrated in the cities of London and westminister, has thus been supplanted since the 1980s by an increasingly polynucleated structure’ (although City still densest wealth creator centre in Europe)
p.100
‘London’s inner city can be characterized by a uniquely rich and diverse structure of production regimes (pre fordist, fordist and post fordist), indusyries and labour, exhibiting important developmental continuities as well as disjuncture.’ But in last 40 years ‘deep swings defining its development trajectory’
New Economy of inner city is ‘less stable, subject to recurrent abbreviated restructuring processes, punctuated by recessions and downturns, and increasingly vulnerable to the vaguaries of London’s propert market’
‘the London property ,arket is crucial to the fortunes of industry and employment
p.138
boroughs leaders rather than followers. NGOs also active, relationships with local actors. Mayor and gla
p.141 emergence of new industries could be revival of identitits of former London boroughs (Hoxton, Shoreditch, Bermondsey Clerkenwell) ‘onve vital and highly distinctive industrial and social plavces withint the burgeoning London metropolis of the nineteenth and early twentieth centures and now recalled to life as centes of experimentation, innovation, and cultural class,’
Singapore, San Francaisco, Vancouver,
p.278-9
‘Recombinant economy of the inner city’ means complex if industries, firms and institutions situated within evolving twenty first century metropolitan core. Multilayered construction of inner city’s economy as recombinant, shaped by comlex synergies, sytheses and interdependencies.
p.279-281
find labour and industries assoc with each of restructuring episodes of past two decades
copresence of old and new industries
hybridized occupations with high level design skills and technical capacity is additional aspect of recombinant
sythesis of goods production with services functionsnew industry sites show social as well as economic reproduction of space
localised production systems, positioned within more extended metrolpolitan and regional production chains. Usr fo internet for sourcing inc staff
complex connections new industries and local housing markets
p. 282
structures of metropolitan core economy
collapse fordist manufacturing
rapid expansion of specilized services high value concentrated in cbd
p.291
‘the mayor of London, ken livingstone, who had led the struggle against postindustrialism in the 1980s, now embtraced london’s global status and the commercial imperatives incumbent with this vocation, vigorously supporting high rise offices and greater commercial density as a means of generating revenues for housing and enhancing london’s sustainable development.’
Thomas A Hutton
p.1 ‘The spatial configuration of the postindustrial city incorporated a markedly asymmetrical core, comprising a high-growth central business district corporate office complex, and terrains of disinvestment and deindustrialization within the CBD fringe and inner city
1990s ‘saw the emergence of new industries and labour among advanced societies, subsumed variously within the rubrics of the New Economy, the cultural economy of the city, and the knowledge based economy’
p.2
New Economy also cooexists with old economy
Changes from Chicago school model
1. Suburban areas now showing ‘increasing social and industrial variegation’
2. Cities no longer regional centre places but ‘critical base points of globalization’
3. postindustrial city
New Economy
Knowledge based, enhancements of human capital, technology, cultural economy
Means spatial, structural, social and land use consequences
(Graham and Marvinàs 2001 ‘splintering urbanism’)
New Economy and cultural economy concentrated in inner city
p.7 New Economy is ‘relatively new, creative and technology-based industries such as communications, consultants, computer software design, computer graphics and imaging, computer networking and Internet Services.’ Also advertising, architects, fashion design, graphic artists, designers, industrial design, film, music and print media.
Or ‘high value cultural products’
Reoganisation of inner city space with new primary production sites, place based production networks and sets of linked industries
p.8 new industry formation seen as revival of inner city industrial sites
p.9 ‘new industry formation in the inner city can play a part in the reconfiguration of the metropolitan core’s space-economy, redressing to some extent the spatial imbalance of the postindustrial core which heavily favoured the corporate complex of the CBD, and partially offsetting job losses in central city industries and occupations.’
Also local area regeneration – start ups, infrastructure, jobs, supply and contracting
p. 10 Flora (2002) creation fo creative class
p.39
Reconstruction of economic space
Forces reshaping the production economy of metropolitan core in postwar era, inc corporate office complex in CBD (densest employment district), collapse Fordist production and labor in inner city
p.73 London
City spatially constrained but can grow with policies allowing higher buildings
Westminister and Camden creative industries with concentrations boutique hedge funds Mayfair, film and video production or graphic design and advertising soho plus New Economy. Canary Wharf. Industries next to Heathrow. Bankside cultural enclave.
p.74 ‘the historic bipolar spatiality of london’s economyt, concentrated in the cities of London and westminister, has thus been supplanted since the 1980s by an increasingly polynucleated structure’ (although City still densest wealth creator centre in Europe)
p.100
‘London’s inner city can be characterized by a uniquely rich and diverse structure of production regimes (pre fordist, fordist and post fordist), indusyries and labour, exhibiting important developmental continuities as well as disjuncture.’ But in last 40 years ‘deep swings defining its development trajectory’
New Economy of inner city is ‘less stable, subject to recurrent abbreviated restructuring processes, punctuated by recessions and downturns, and increasingly vulnerable to the vaguaries of London’s propert market’
‘the London property ,arket is crucial to the fortunes of industry and employment
p.138
boroughs leaders rather than followers. NGOs also active, relationships with local actors. Mayor and gla
p.141 emergence of new industries could be revival of identitits of former London boroughs (Hoxton, Shoreditch, Bermondsey Clerkenwell) ‘onve vital and highly distinctive industrial and social plavces withint the burgeoning London metropolis of the nineteenth and early twentieth centures and now recalled to life as centes of experimentation, innovation, and cultural class,’
Singapore, San Francaisco, Vancouver,
p.278-9
‘Recombinant economy of the inner city’ means complex if industries, firms and institutions situated within evolving twenty first century metropolitan core. Multilayered construction of inner city’s economy as recombinant, shaped by comlex synergies, sytheses and interdependencies.
p.279-281
find labour and industries assoc with each of restructuring episodes of past two decades
copresence of old and new industries
hybridized occupations with high level design skills and technical capacity is additional aspect of recombinant
sythesis of goods production with services functionsnew industry sites show social as well as economic reproduction of space
localised production systems, positioned within more extended metrolpolitan and regional production chains. Usr fo internet for sourcing inc staff
complex connections new industries and local housing markets
p. 282
structures of metropolitan core economy
collapse fordist manufacturing
rapid expansion of specilized services high value concentrated in cbd
p.291
‘the mayor of London, ken livingstone, who had led the struggle against postindustrialism in the 1980s, now embtraced london’s global status and the commercial imperatives incumbent with this vocation, vigorously supporting high rise offices and greater commercial density as a means of generating revenues for housing and enhancing london’s sustainable development.’
mercredi 13 octobre 2010
Sustainable Urban Design An Environmental Approach
Sustainable Urban Design
An Environmental Approach
Adam Ritchie & Randall Thomas
2nd Edition Routledge 2008
Book designed to inspire rather than prescribe
p.3 ‘Ideas of planning, space and lace are a bacdrop to many of the points made, but out built environment suffers enough at present from people who were too sure of their solutions and those who thought in ’silo’-based terms and over-planned, and this over-constrained development.’
‘density and the means of moving around the city are related. Landscape affects buildings.’
Sustainability = social, economic and environmental
p.4 ‘cities must have a rich set of interconnections or they will not be sustainable’ eg walking/ cycling means needs diversity ‘accidentals’ in street patterns and buildings. ‘we need to develop a rhythm in the city that will include places we can enjoy; this rhythm will be about moving and stopping. This will help us return to cities designed for people, rather than for cars.’
Planners miss ‘accidentals’ eg views as ‘obsessed by regular patterns from an impossible aerial view.”
p.5 Irregular streets of Malmo’s new W Harbour. Klas Tham architect described as ‘distorted by wind like a fishnet hanging out to dry,’
p.7 cities: think if systems like ecologists do when looking at energy flows in nature
p. 8 wind good for ventillation, energy
Chapter 2
p. 12 ‘when the means of movements changes, so too do patterns of human activity with direct consequences for the planning and design principles that guide the development and renewal of urban areas.’
A we ask to reduce reliance on cars and encourage walking and cycling, change urban structure from street blocks to buildings
‘People’s requirements and technology change faster than places’
p.13 towns depend on hinterland for food. Hinterland depends on towns for markets for goods
So sustainable planning requires holistic and integrated approach t urban region that recognises interdependence of town and country
p. 14 Walkable community characteristics
- shops and services focus on main street in heart of n’hood at convergence of movement routes and around key facilities such as railway station
- schools, health centre, open spaces distributed around neighbourhood
- mixed affordable housing
- housing density highest around edge of centre along transport routes and near amenities
- movement routes shared by cars, buses, cyclists and pedestrians
- lans often marginal or in short term use at ‘shatter zone’ or interface between established ail and commercial centre and residential hinterland reflecting uncertainty or speculation
p. 18
Lessons learned include
- Socially mixed inclusive communities
- service and facilities porvision
- community discussion
- public transport
- long term management and maintenance is important as initial design
Chapter 3: Transportation
http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/strategies/transport/trans_strat.jsp (doesn’t work anymore. Accessed 2008)
Says in 200 average speed of cars slower than horse drawn carriages around 10 mph or 16 kmph
http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/personal/mainresults/nts2002.nationaltravelsurvey2002revi5243
40 percent of UK commute to work by car (not there anymore_
Cycling can be quicker
p. 27
Car clubs, bike racks on buses, fuel efficient cars, busways on railway tracks
High quality design of buses trams, trains as well as their stops and interchanges is widespread in many continental European countries counteracting the impression that public transport is only for thosew who cannot afford a car
p. 28 congestion charge
Www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/thirdannualreportfinal.pdf
8 pounds charge means transport delays down 30 percent, 18 percent drop in vehicle traffic 37 percent increase in people entering congestion zone by bus. In 04 to 05 raised 97 million pounds for investing in public transport
Christiana Bike (Copenhagen) can carry luggage or small children
p.30 effective actions
- reducing traffic speeds, priority pedestrains and cyclists
- attractive public realm
- better pedestrian cycle links
- balance pedestrians/cyclists/motorists reprioritised away from the car in urban centres
- improving public transport
-new developments situated close to public transport routes
Chapter 4: Landscape and Nature in the city
Drainage, planted roofs
p. 32 vegetation uses eg noise, co2 extraction, retain rainwater, temperate, windbreak
Also human behavious. Less prone to violent behavious in tree lined streets *cites Times article ’Can Trees Cut Pain@- 2001.
p.37 colour therapy green neutral colour in middle of spectrum. Easiest to see when exhausted
Chapter 5 Building Design
Europeans spent about 90 percent of time in buildings.
p/ 42
’buildings should be designed from the inside out and the outside in simultaneously - designers need to imagine what the conditions will be for the occupants and passers-by. Moving through the building should be an interesting, delightful and rewarding experience’ cites De Montfort Queens Buidling
Key considerations (p.43 to44)
Reduce demand
- for energy by max solar gain, seal building, use less water, Try to avoid air conditioning, integrate structure and services, choose materials carefully
p.45 ‘successful spaces are those with good daylight.’
p.48 model shows three typical urban forms with same density of around 100 dwellings per hectare
1. Courtyard housing can create strong sense of place and community. Some self shading
2. Slabs. May feel soulless if not handled well. Use sun well
3. tow block. Distinctive character, solar potential depends on context
Designers increasingly focussing on roofs to serve as solar collectors, rainwater harvesters, green space for biodiversity
‘it is important that buildings should be capable of being altered within their lifetimes to allow for new technologies and social changes.’
p.52 Jean Nouvel’s Catrier Foundation set a glass building back behind a glass screen, thus protected from noise and pollution of Blvd Raspail
p.53 ‘tower blocks only work both socially and environmentally if the space between them is successful; an dif they are well managed.’
p.55
Guidelines
-Do things that cost nothing first: get orientation, form and massing correct
- consider factoirs inc street pattens, energy consumption, energy production
- insulation
-Daylight
-‘Buildings and cities are for people’
-low energy ventilation
- can be altered over time
Chapter 6
Energy and Information
p.70 ‘Generally one is trying to arrive at a reasonable economic balance of providing environmentally friendly energy to meet low-energy demand.’ energy reduction methods start to become more expensive due to diminishing returns so at a cross over point one switches to supplying energy in envion friendly ways
Chapter 7
Materials
p. 74 Cities cover 2 percent of world’s surface but use 75 [ercenbt of material resources (cites lawtn j 2007 royal commission on environmental pollution, 26th report the urban environment London tso p2
Selection criteria for materials
Suitability, economic cost, impact on local dna global environment, health hazards
p.76 Concrete used for structural properties when combined with steel, but also thermal mass and acoustic insulation. Since 1990 industry has improved energy efficiency by 25 percent. New technologies eg self cleaning
Chapter 8
Water
Surrey is drier than Syria (national audit office 2005 report environment agency; efficiency in water resource management
p.85 reduce demand, re-use rainwater if possible, bath water recycling (eg for WC)
Chapter 9
Waste and resource
Case Studies
Ch 11 pp96-105
Coopers Road Estate: Regeneration
Was a failing 1960s estate. Southwark Housing demolished and redeveloped with Peabody Trust. Local consultation also with neighbouring estates by ECD architects. Tenants influenced choice of heating system and layout of homes. Two bedroom homes given separate bathrooms and Wcs.
Design principles
1. Designed around four courtyards of around 40 homes each in mix one, two and three bed (even four)
2. Integrate architecture and landscape for legible and easily maintained public and private spaces
3. Develop community ownership. Rear gardens facxe onto larger communal garden
Gardening clubs to help skills
Sustainability strategy focussed on energy and co2, wtare conservation, materials sourcing, waster manegment transport, social well being
Ch12 pp105-115
Parkmount: Streetscape and Solar Design belfast
Street frontage
P 110 ‘landscape areas and open sapce whose ownership is common or ambiguous are often poorly maintained or vandalised, which in trun has implications for crime prevention and personal security.’
In Belfast gated communities common but didn’t want here. But residents want good visibility and surveillance. So clear but secure entrances. Repeated blocks of dofferent heights bend to take advantage of sun. roof helps unify scheme.
Ch13 pp 116 to 132
Coin Street Housing: The Architecture of Engagement
See http://www.coinstreet.org/
Ch 14
Sustainable Design in an Urban Context: Three case studies
The Contact Theatre Manchester
Conventry University Library
Thames Valley Unioversity
Ch15 BedZED: Beddington Zero-Fossil Energy Development
Sutton
Ch 16 BO01 And Flagghusen: ecological city districts in Malmo, Sweden
Ch 17 Stonebridge: Negotiating between traditional and modernist models of city housing
Ch 18 Made in Stockwell and Deptford Wharves
Ch 19 millenium Water: Vancouver;s Olympic Village
An Environmental Approach
Adam Ritchie & Randall Thomas
2nd Edition Routledge 2008
Book designed to inspire rather than prescribe
p.3 ‘Ideas of planning, space and lace are a bacdrop to many of the points made, but out built environment suffers enough at present from people who were too sure of their solutions and those who thought in ’silo’-based terms and over-planned, and this over-constrained development.’
‘density and the means of moving around the city are related. Landscape affects buildings.’
Sustainability = social, economic and environmental
p.4 ‘cities must have a rich set of interconnections or they will not be sustainable’ eg walking/ cycling means needs diversity ‘accidentals’ in street patterns and buildings. ‘we need to develop a rhythm in the city that will include places we can enjoy; this rhythm will be about moving and stopping. This will help us return to cities designed for people, rather than for cars.’
Planners miss ‘accidentals’ eg views as ‘obsessed by regular patterns from an impossible aerial view.”
p.5 Irregular streets of Malmo’s new W Harbour. Klas Tham architect described as ‘distorted by wind like a fishnet hanging out to dry,’
p.7 cities: think if systems like ecologists do when looking at energy flows in nature
p. 8 wind good for ventillation, energy
Chapter 2
p. 12 ‘when the means of movements changes, so too do patterns of human activity with direct consequences for the planning and design principles that guide the development and renewal of urban areas.’
A we ask to reduce reliance on cars and encourage walking and cycling, change urban structure from street blocks to buildings
‘People’s requirements and technology change faster than places’
p.13 towns depend on hinterland for food. Hinterland depends on towns for markets for goods
So sustainable planning requires holistic and integrated approach t urban region that recognises interdependence of town and country
p. 14 Walkable community characteristics
- shops and services focus on main street in heart of n’hood at convergence of movement routes and around key facilities such as railway station
- schools, health centre, open spaces distributed around neighbourhood
- mixed affordable housing
- housing density highest around edge of centre along transport routes and near amenities
- movement routes shared by cars, buses, cyclists and pedestrians
- lans often marginal or in short term use at ‘shatter zone’ or interface between established ail and commercial centre and residential hinterland reflecting uncertainty or speculation
p. 18
Lessons learned include
- Socially mixed inclusive communities
- service and facilities porvision
- community discussion
- public transport
- long term management and maintenance is important as initial design
Chapter 3: Transportation
http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/strategies/transport/trans_strat.jsp (doesn’t work anymore. Accessed 2008)
Says in 200 average speed of cars slower than horse drawn carriages around 10 mph or 16 kmph
http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/personal/mainresults/nts2002.nationaltravelsurvey2002revi5243
40 percent of UK commute to work by car (not there anymore_
Cycling can be quicker
p. 27
Car clubs, bike racks on buses, fuel efficient cars, busways on railway tracks
High quality design of buses trams, trains as well as their stops and interchanges is widespread in many continental European countries counteracting the impression that public transport is only for thosew who cannot afford a car
p. 28 congestion charge
Www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/thirdannualreportfinal.pdf
8 pounds charge means transport delays down 30 percent, 18 percent drop in vehicle traffic 37 percent increase in people entering congestion zone by bus. In 04 to 05 raised 97 million pounds for investing in public transport
Christiana Bike (Copenhagen) can carry luggage or small children
p.30 effective actions
- reducing traffic speeds, priority pedestrains and cyclists
- attractive public realm
- better pedestrian cycle links
- balance pedestrians/cyclists/motorists reprioritised away from the car in urban centres
- improving public transport
-new developments situated close to public transport routes
Chapter 4: Landscape and Nature in the city
Drainage, planted roofs
p. 32 vegetation uses eg noise, co2 extraction, retain rainwater, temperate, windbreak
Also human behavious. Less prone to violent behavious in tree lined streets *cites Times article ’Can Trees Cut Pain@- 2001.
p.37 colour therapy green neutral colour in middle of spectrum. Easiest to see when exhausted
Chapter 5 Building Design
Europeans spent about 90 percent of time in buildings.
p/ 42
’buildings should be designed from the inside out and the outside in simultaneously - designers need to imagine what the conditions will be for the occupants and passers-by. Moving through the building should be an interesting, delightful and rewarding experience’ cites De Montfort Queens Buidling
Key considerations (p.43 to44)
Reduce demand
- for energy by max solar gain, seal building, use less water, Try to avoid air conditioning, integrate structure and services, choose materials carefully
p.45 ‘successful spaces are those with good daylight.’
p.48 model shows three typical urban forms with same density of around 100 dwellings per hectare
1. Courtyard housing can create strong sense of place and community. Some self shading
2. Slabs. May feel soulless if not handled well. Use sun well
3. tow block. Distinctive character, solar potential depends on context
Designers increasingly focussing on roofs to serve as solar collectors, rainwater harvesters, green space for biodiversity
‘it is important that buildings should be capable of being altered within their lifetimes to allow for new technologies and social changes.’
p.52 Jean Nouvel’s Catrier Foundation set a glass building back behind a glass screen, thus protected from noise and pollution of Blvd Raspail
p.53 ‘tower blocks only work both socially and environmentally if the space between them is successful; an dif they are well managed.’
p.55
Guidelines
-Do things that cost nothing first: get orientation, form and massing correct
- consider factoirs inc street pattens, energy consumption, energy production
- insulation
-Daylight
-‘Buildings and cities are for people’
-low energy ventilation
- can be altered over time
Chapter 6
Energy and Information
p.70 ‘Generally one is trying to arrive at a reasonable economic balance of providing environmentally friendly energy to meet low-energy demand.’ energy reduction methods start to become more expensive due to diminishing returns so at a cross over point one switches to supplying energy in envion friendly ways
Chapter 7
Materials
p. 74 Cities cover 2 percent of world’s surface but use 75 [ercenbt of material resources (cites lawtn j 2007 royal commission on environmental pollution, 26th report the urban environment London tso p2
Selection criteria for materials
Suitability, economic cost, impact on local dna global environment, health hazards
p.76 Concrete used for structural properties when combined with steel, but also thermal mass and acoustic insulation. Since 1990 industry has improved energy efficiency by 25 percent. New technologies eg self cleaning
Chapter 8
Water
Surrey is drier than Syria (national audit office 2005 report environment agency; efficiency in water resource management
p.85 reduce demand, re-use rainwater if possible, bath water recycling (eg for WC)
Chapter 9
Waste and resource
Case Studies
Ch 11 pp96-105
Coopers Road Estate: Regeneration
Was a failing 1960s estate. Southwark Housing demolished and redeveloped with Peabody Trust. Local consultation also with neighbouring estates by ECD architects. Tenants influenced choice of heating system and layout of homes. Two bedroom homes given separate bathrooms and Wcs.
Design principles
1. Designed around four courtyards of around 40 homes each in mix one, two and three bed (even four)
2. Integrate architecture and landscape for legible and easily maintained public and private spaces
3. Develop community ownership. Rear gardens facxe onto larger communal garden
Gardening clubs to help skills
Sustainability strategy focussed on energy and co2, wtare conservation, materials sourcing, waster manegment transport, social well being
Ch12 pp105-115
Parkmount: Streetscape and Solar Design belfast
Street frontage
P 110 ‘landscape areas and open sapce whose ownership is common or ambiguous are often poorly maintained or vandalised, which in trun has implications for crime prevention and personal security.’
In Belfast gated communities common but didn’t want here. But residents want good visibility and surveillance. So clear but secure entrances. Repeated blocks of dofferent heights bend to take advantage of sun. roof helps unify scheme.
Ch13 pp 116 to 132
Coin Street Housing: The Architecture of Engagement
See http://www.coinstreet.org/
Ch 14
Sustainable Design in an Urban Context: Three case studies
The Contact Theatre Manchester
Conventry University Library
Thames Valley Unioversity
Ch15 BedZED: Beddington Zero-Fossil Energy Development
Sutton
Ch 16 BO01 And Flagghusen: ecological city districts in Malmo, Sweden
Ch 17 Stonebridge: Negotiating between traditional and modernist models of city housing
Ch 18 Made in Stockwell and Deptford Wharves
Ch 19 millenium Water: Vancouver;s Olympic Village
jeudi 7 octobre 2010
Perrons Globalization and Social Change
Perrons (2004) 2004. Globalization and Social Change: People and Places in a Divided World. Routledge Chapters 3 and 5
To accompany Lecture 1. Uneven development among cities
Pretty much a recapitulation of the lecture. Notes taken. Jist is you need theory to figure out what is going wrong, but depends what theory. Perrons doesn't like the theory that market processes lead to convergence (see quote p.59). She claims it is uneven, leads to what she calls clustering. With globalisation, geography should not matter, "yet at every spatial scale, the global, the nation, the region, the city or locality, economic activity is clustered." She also looks at whether development is ethnocentric or value laden. .
On Ch. 5 she looks at the global division of labour, which she says is uneven. The West is becoming increasingly distant from the production that comes under its name. Nike, for example, concentrates on brand and marketing. The further it gets from production, the less control so the more exploitation. p. 136 UK highest proportion of population living in poverty in the EU, and highest nummber of children in poverty (after Italy). p. 142 Under Fordism when unions were strong and collective bargaining led to high wages and stable jobs, all were happy. Now, p. 160 "capitalist societies are characterised by eneven development."
To accompany Lecture 1. Uneven development among cities
Pretty much a recapitulation of the lecture. Notes taken. Jist is you need theory to figure out what is going wrong, but depends what theory. Perrons doesn't like the theory that market processes lead to convergence (see quote p.59). She claims it is uneven, leads to what she calls clustering. With globalisation, geography should not matter, "yet at every spatial scale, the global, the nation, the region, the city or locality, economic activity is clustered." She also looks at whether development is ethnocentric or value laden. .
On Ch. 5 she looks at the global division of labour, which she says is uneven. The West is becoming increasingly distant from the production that comes under its name. Nike, for example, concentrates on brand and marketing. The further it gets from production, the less control so the more exploitation. p. 136 UK highest proportion of population living in poverty in the EU, and highest nummber of children in poverty (after Italy). p. 142 Under Fordism when unions were strong and collective bargaining led to high wages and stable jobs, all were happy. Now, p. 160 "capitalist societies are characterised by eneven development."
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